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- RELIGION, Page 77Sweetness and Not a Lot of Light
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- A papal decree on higher education avoids conflict -- for now
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- Since the 1987 Vatican-inspired ouster of the Rev. Charles
- Curran from the theology faculty at Washington's Catholic
- University of America, educators have nervously waited for the
- first papal decree setting overall policy in higher education.
- Would John Paul II, who is determined to restrict dissident
- theologians, lay the ground for further purges? When the decree
- was finally issued last week, most academicians greeted it with
- relief. It seemed to be an endorsement of free intellectual
- investigation and the autonomy of academic institutions. But
- while the Pope had decided against a strategy of direct
- confrontation, there were passages in the decree that, as one
- U.S. theologian put it, resembled an "undetonated grenade" in
- their potential to cause future conflict.
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- Curran is hardly the only U.S. Catholic religious teacher
- who disagrees with official church policy on birth control,
- abortion and homosexuality, the issues that brought on his
- demission. Diversity and non-orthodoxy are frequently the rule
- rather than the exception at the 230 U.S. Catholic colleges and
- universities, especially on sexual issues and on the Pope's
- adamant opposition to women priests. Indeed, many of the
- country's diverse Catholic postsecondary schools resemble
- secular institutions more than purely religious ones.
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- The decree, which came after consultations with educators
- in 40 countries, cloaks any differences with that pluralistic
- tradition in bland language. But it states that faculties are
- expected to follow "the teaching authority of the Church in
- matters of faith and morals." Schools will normally run their
- own affairs, but they will also have "a special bond with the
- Holy See." In a surprise inclusion, the Pontiff states that the
- majority of teachers at Catholic institutions must be Catholics
- themselves.
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- Even more restrictively, the Pope directs local bishops to
- take "the initiatives necessary" to strengthen a school's
- Catholic character. The decree's most contentious elements are
- printed in the smallest type: footnotes cite clauses in the 1983
- Code of Canon Law that mandate a local bishop's prior approval
- for appointments of religion teachers and that empower bishops
- to remove dissident faculty, although it is unclear how that
- would be accomplished.
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- Bishops around the world are called upon to write
- regulations tailoring the Pope's "general norms" to their own
- situations. According to Archbishop Pio Laghi, new head of the
- Vatican education office (and former Vatican pro-nuncio, or
- ambassador, to the U.S.), each nation's bishops will bear the
- responsibility of enforcing the regulations -- though perhaps
- by acting collectively, not as individuals.
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- Many educators who had lobbied strenuously with Rome to
- protect the status quo declared themselves satisfied with the
- result. Says the Rev. William Byron, president of Catholic
- University: "Nothing is being rammed down our throats." Because
- of antidiscrimination laws, the mandate for a majority of
- Catholic faculty will be "unenforceable," predicts Father Thomas
- Reese, a member of the Woodstock Theological Center at
- Georgetown University. Vatican officials too say they aim at
- "flexibility," not demands imposed from on high.
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- But some Catholic thinkers are less sanguine. The Rev.
- Richard McBrien, theology chairman at the University of Notre
- Dame, warns that the document's insistence on adherence to
- church teachings fails to recognize that "not all teachings are
- equally authoritative -- and some are wrong." And while major
- institutions like Notre Dame might be immune to the pressure of
- a conservative local bishop, McBrien says that "a right-wing
- bishop could move in on a smaller institution, and the board
- would cave in." The key question is whether the decree's
- ambiguous language will inspire any bishops to do just that.
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- By Richard N. Ostling. Reported by Robert T. Zintl/Rome, with
- other bureaus.
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